农户沼肥还田决策行为及其经济效应评价

论文基于江苏省淮安市和连云港市沼气池使用户调查数据,运用Probit模型考察农户沼肥还田决策行为的影响因素,构建产出供给方程评价农户沼肥还田决策行为的经济效应。结果表明：沼气池使用天数越多、户主年龄越小、户主是村干部或农民专业合作社成员以及人均承包地越多的农户,越倾向于选择沼肥还田,而家庭总资产较少或较多的农户都不愿意选择沼肥还田。控制其他条件,农户沼肥还田可能性每增加1%,单位面积农地产值提高0.07%（10.81 元/hm²）,若研究区域沼气池使用户全部选择沼肥还田,单位面积农地产值将提高356.55元/hm²,具有一定的经济效应,倾向得分匹配方法（PSM）的稳健性分析进一步证实这一结论。目前中国沼肥还田率总体不高且没有规范的沼肥还田管理项目,进而提出鼓励沼气池使用户充分利用沼气池,提高农户沼肥还田积极性的政策建议。     

干法烟气脱硫副产物中汞的形态分布

通过分析干法烟气脱硫副产物中不同形态汞的含量,研究干法脱硫灰中汞的环境稳定性. 利用逐级化学提取法,分析了锅炉底灰、锅炉飞灰、脱硫塔底灰和除尘器灰中水溶态、酸溶态、过氧化氢溶态及王水溶残渣态汞的含量,研究了不同形态汞含量的变化规律. 结果表明,锅炉底灰、锅炉飞灰、脱硫塔底灰和除尘器灰中w（总汞）分别为0.23,0.36,0.46和1.22 mg/kg,且随着脱硫除尘时间的延长w（总汞）呈增加的趋势,其中,以氯化物、硝酸盐和硫酸盐存在的水溶态汞变化明显,除尘器灰中w（水溶态汞）高达0.72 mg/kg. 分析认为,干法烟气脱硫灰吸附的大部分汞蒸气转化为可溶性的氯化物、硝酸盐和硫酸盐等,另外还有少量汞以单质状态存在.      

鄱阳湖双退区受损湿地植被恢复对水质的影响

退化湿地的植被恢复有助于提高湿地生物多样性和净化水体功能。通过监测鄱阳湖双退区（湿地）生态恢复过程中前后水质变化,分析了不同植被覆盖率和植物残体分解对水质的影响。结果表明,在植物生长期间,湿地水体TN质量浓度下降65.4%～71.3%,NO3--N也呈较大幅度下降,并能降低水体TP浓度水平;高植被覆盖增加水体叶绿素质量浓度水平,中低植被覆盖不影响水体叶绿素质量浓度,植被覆盖能有效保持水体较高透明度,但不能降低水体COD质量浓度。在枯水期,高植被覆盖因为植物残体分解使氮素回流水体,导致水体含TN,NH4＋-N,NO3-_N质量浓度显著升高,中低植被覆盖植物残体分解同样显著增加水体氮素,但增加程度小于高植被覆盖;植物残体分解不影响水体TP质量浓度水平;高植被覆盖植物残体分解增加水体叶绿素质量浓度,中低植被覆盖则无影响;高中低植被覆盖区植物残体分解都显著增加水体混浊度,也提高了水体的BOD,对水体COD没有影响。     

新型杀菌剂啶氧菌酯在田间黄瓜和土壤中的残留消解动态及残留分析

建立了黄瓜和土壤中啶氧菌酯残留量的检测分析方法,对啶氧菌酯在黄瓜和土壤中的消解动态及残留规律进行了研究。啶氧菌酯的最小检出量为3.5×10^-11g;在黄瓜和土壤基质中的最低检出浓度均为0.005mg·kg^-1。对黄瓜和土壤2种基质,设置了0.005、0.05、0.25 mg·kg^-13个添加水平,每个添加水平设置5个重复,啶氧菌酯在黄瓜和土壤中的添加回收率为68.61%-122.4%,变异系数为1.06%-17.2%。田间试验结果表明：啶氧菌酯在天津地区黄瓜和土壤中的残留消解半衰期分别为5.71d和12.9 d,在山东地区黄瓜和土壤中的残留消解半衰期分别为2.70d和10.3 d,在江苏地区黄瓜和土壤中的残留消解半衰期分别为9.76d和14.9 d。距最后一次施药5d时,啶氧菌酯在黄瓜中的最高残留量为0.014mg·kg^-1,远低于欧盟规定的黄瓜中啶氧菌酯最大残留限量0.05mg·kg^-1。     

半干半湿法脱硫灰循环利用中试试验研究

半干半湿法脱硫产生的脱硫灰中混有大量有效钙和粉煤灰 ,本文对其进行了循环利用机理分析及试验研究 ,证实脱硫灰循环大大提高了钙的利用率 ,降低了钙硫比 ,但循环倍率增加到 2倍以上时 ,脱硫效率增速变缓。脱硫灰的循环利用对降低脱硫运行费用是非常有效的。     

根际土壤中DDTs的残留与转化

通过根垫法研究DDT的五种异构体p,p‘-DDE,o,p’-DDD,p,p‘-DDD,o,p‘-DDT,p,p‘-DDT在小麦根际土壤和非根际土壤中的残留量以及DDT,DDD和DDE之间的转化．结果发现,在40d试验期间内,DDT发生缓慢降解,根际土壤中的降解略快于非根际土壤,且差别主要表现在生成DDD的厌氧过程方面．此外,根际土壤中五种DDT的异构体的可提取残留都高于非根际土壤,说明该农药的锁定过程在根际环境相对较弱．     

The Impact of Scrubber Sludge on Ground Water Quality at an Abandoned Mine Site

A sulfate-rich flue gas desulfurization scrubber sludge was used as a substitute backfill material in reclamation of an abandoned coal strip mine. The site was surrounded by monitor wells and the material was characterized for leaching behavior using open column experiments. A drain was placed directly beneath the 45 000 ton fill to enable sampling before dilution or attenuation. The column studies indicated that the scrubber sludge would adsorb manganese, iron, aluminium, cobalt, nickel, thallium and zinc contaminants from the water. Changes in pH appear inadequate to explain the removal by precipitation. The groundwater cleaning phenomenon has been confirmed on a field scale by the drain samples. Boron and molybdenum leach from the fly ash was used to fix the scrubber sludge and serve as marker elements enabling calibration of the dispersivity in computer models of the groundwater system at the site. The leachate front appears to be diluted by a factor of 8 : 1 within the first 15 meters. Since boron and molybdenum release are associated only with the first flush, environmental impacts will be minimal. Columns appear to create a time compression effect on the duration of leaching phenomenon. The effect for this site appears to be at least 5 : 1. The columns were effective in predicting which elements would leach or adsorb in the field and in predicting the actual source concentrations. Other shake tests such as the TCLP and the ASTM shake test were found to be less effective at predicting which elements would leach and were not helpful in predicting field concentrations.     

Testing the efficiency of extraction of incurred residues from soil with optimized multi-residue method

The reproducibility of extraction of residues from spiked soil samples and from soils containing incurred residues was tested with ¹⁴C-labeled test compounds of different physical-chemical properties. Nearly 100% of the compounds added to the sample before extraction could be recovered with an average reproducibility relative standard deviation (CV) of 5.4%. The additional steps of the determination process (cleanup, evaporation, etc.) contributed to the major part of the variability of the results (CV = 10–20%). The incurred residues were most efficiently extracted with acetone for 30 min followed by the mixture of acetone/ethyl acetate 1:1 for additional 30 min. However, they could only be recovered at various extent (64–90% of total residues), underlying the importance of testing the efficiency of extraction. The residues were identified and quantified by gas chromatography applying thermionic detector. The performance parameters of the method complied with the international method validation guidelines, and they proved to be robust and suitable for determination of pesticide residues in soils of widely different physical–chemical properties.     

Fate of the 14C-labeled herbicide prosulfocarb in a soil and in a sediment-water system

The fate of ¹⁴C-labeled herbicide prosulfocarb was studied in an agricultural soil and in a sediment-water system, the sediment part of which was derived from Yangtze Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Time-course studies were performed for 28 d and 49 d, respectively. Main transformation routes of ¹⁴C-prosulfocarb were mineralization to ¹⁴CO₂ and formation of nonextractable residues amounting to 12.13% and 10.43%, respectively, after 28 days (soil), and 9.40% and 11.98%, respectively, after 49 d (sediment-water system). Traces of prosulfocarbsulfoxide were detected by means of TLC, HPLC, and LC-MS; other transformation products were not found. Initial extraction of soil assays using 0.01 M CaCl₂ solution showed that the bioavailability of the herbicide was considerably low; immediately after application (0.1 d of incubation), only 4.78% of applied radioactivity were detected in this aqueous fraction. DT₅₀ values of ¹⁴C-prosulfocarb estimated from radio-TLC and -HPLC analyses were above 28 d in soil and ranged between 29 d and 49 d in the sediment-water system. Partitioning of ¹⁴C from water to sediment phase occurred with DT₅₀ slightly above 2 d. With regard to the sediment-water system, adsorption occurred with log K_oc = 1.38 (calculated from 2 day assays) and 2.35 (49 d assays). As similarly estimated from portions of ¹⁴C found in CaCl₂ extracts of the 0.1 d assays, ¹⁴C-prosulfocarb's log K_oc in soil was 2.96. With both experiments, similar portions of nonextractable radioactivity were associated with all soil organic matter fractions, i.e. nonhumics, fulvic acids, humic acids, and humin/minerals. Throughout all sample preparation, the experiments were severely impaired by losses of radioactivity especially with concentration of samples containing water in vacuo. All findings pointed to volatility of parent prosulfocarb in presence of water rather than volatility of transformation products. According to literature data, this behavior of prosulfocarb was not expected, though volatility was demonstrated under field conditions.     

广西北部湾蔬菜种植基地土壤中代森锌类农药残留调查

采用顶空-气相色谱-质谱法,对南宁、北海、钦州和防城港等4个北部湾区域城市蔬菜种植基地60份土壤样品中的代森锌类农药残留进行检测。结果表明,南宁市的15份土壤样品均未检出代森锌类农药残留;北海市有5份土壤样品检出代森锌类农药残留,检出率为33.3%,其质量比范围为0.005 2 mg/kg~0.034 6 mg/kg;钦州和防城港2市30份土壤样品均检出代森锌类农药残留,检出率为100%,其质量比范围为0.004 9 mg/kg~0.674 mg/kg。